1944 wels samxreT saqarTvelodan Sua aziaSi
deportirebuli mosaxleobis Sesaxeb
(problemis mokle istoria)

rogorc cnobilia, TiTqmis mTeli samasi weli samxreT saqarTvelo osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi imyofeboda, ramac didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia iqauri mosaxleobis sulier wyobasa da cxovrebaSi. XVIII saukunidan Turquli administraciis mizanmimarTuli politikis Sedegad iwyeba mesxTa didi nawilis gamahmadianeba. es xorcieldeba rogorc fizikuri ZaladobiT, aseve ekonomikuri zewoliT.

mdgomareoba samxreT saqarTveloSi arc mas Semdeg Secvlila, rac saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis nawili gaxda. imperiis xelisuflebam ar gaamarTla qarTveli xalxis mowinave nawilis imedebi da araferi iRona gamahmadianebul mesxTa dasabruneblad qristianuli kulturis wiaRSi. piriqiT, igi aq amkvidrebda Turqul enasa da islams, aiZulebda muslim mesxebs gadasaxlebuliyvnen TurqeTis siRrmeSi.

arc saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg Secvlila xelisuflebis damokidebuleba mahmadian mesxTa mimarT. stalinis xelisufleba ar akmayofilebda maT moTxovnebs, eswavlaT qarTul enaze. mesxeTSi gaixsna azerbaijanuli skolebi, azebaijanuli Teatri, gamodioda gazeTebi azerbaijanul enaze. kadrebi CamohyavdaT baqodan. qarTuli regioni TiTqmis azerbaijanis kulturul avtonomiad gadaiqca.

1944 wlis 15 noembers, RamiT samxreT saqarTvelos xuT raionSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam ganaxorciela mkacrad gasaidumloebuli, grndiozuli specoperacia: mesxeTis 220 sofeli erT RameSi dacarielda. 125 aTasi kaci yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSe Sehyares satvirTo matarebelSi da Sua aziis gzas gauyenes. TiTqmis erTTviani mgzavrobis dros aTasobiT adamiani daiRupa siciviT, SimSiliT, uhaerobiTa da antisanitariiT. gamcilebeli jariskacebi maT gvamebs mimqrolavi matareblidan pridapir gzaze isrodnen.

mesxebi Caasaxles uzbekeTSi, yirgizeTSi, tajikeTsa da yazaxeTSi, ukan dabrunebis uflebis gareSe. deportacia ganxorcielda ssrk Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetis 1944 wlis 31 oqtombris #6279 dadgenilebiT, maSin, rodesac mesxi mamakacebi meore msoflio omSi ibrZodnen.
gasaxlebulTa 92% eTnikuri qarTveli iyo, danarCenebi _ qurTebi, xemSilebi, Taraqama da yarafafaxebi.

mahmadian mesxTa deportacias gamoexmaura xuTi cnobili qarTveli mecnieri: pavle ingoroyva, sergi jiqia, giorgi Citaia da sxvebi. maT werili misweres stalins da sTxoves ukan daebrunebina udanaSaulo mosaxleoba, `qarTveli xalxis ganuyofeli nawili~. sabWoTa diqtaturis probebSi es iyo didi zneobrivi gabedulebis magaliTi.

12 wlis ganmavlobaSi deportirebuli mesxebi imyofebodnen sakomendanto zedamxedvelobis qveS. stalinis gardacvalebisa da komunisturi partiis XX yrilobis Semdeg daiwyo mahmadian mesxTa migracia sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze, magram saqarTveloSi Camosvla aekrZalaT.
1956 wlis brZanebulebebi specdasaxlebebidan deportirebul xalxTa ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb mesxebs mxolod nawilobriv Seexo: speckomendaturebis aRricxvidan isini moxsnes, magram gansxvavebiT sxva gadasaxlebulTagan, samSobloSi dabruneba aukrZales.

ukve 1957 wels mahmadianma mesxebma daiwyes brZola samSobloSi dabrunebisTvis. Seiqmna deportirebuli mesxebis aralegaluri organizacia. am moZraobas saTaveSi Caudgnen: latifSax baraTaSvili, xalil umarov-gozaliSvili, mavlud bairaxtarovi, anver odobaSevi-xozrevaniZe da sxvebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini erT-erTi pirveli disidentebi iyvnen sabWoTa imperiaSi. es adamianebi konspiraciulad Cadiodnen moskovSi, Camodiodnen TbilisSi, upirispirdebodnen xelisuflebas. mesxTa moZraobis yvela lideri ganicdida devnas, TvalTvals da Seviwroebas sukis mxridan. maTi moRvaweobis Sedegi iyo, rom deportirebul mesxebs miecaT ufleba, dasaxlebuliyvnen Tu saqarTveloSi ara, mis maxloblad _ azerbaijanSi mainc. ase gaCnda 1958 wels azebaijanis muRanis tramalebSi mesxTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebi.

60-ian wlebSi mesxTa moZraobas aqtiurad uWers mxars qarTvel inteligentTa jgufi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic iyvnen: vaxtang jafariZe, giorgi zedgeniZe, SoTa lomsaZe, aleqsandre cucqiriZe da sxvebi.
magram deportirebul mesxTa moZraobaSi gaCnda ganxeTqileba: gamoikveTa gansxvavebuli TviTSegneba da pozicia. erTi nawili sakuTar Tavs Tvlida da Tvlis qarTvelebad, meore nawili _ Turqad; arsebobs mesame, yvelaze mravalricxovani nawilic, romelsac nacionaluri identoba ar gaaCnia.
sabWoTa kavSiris sainformacio saSualebebi 70-iani wlebidan amkvidreben terminebs: `kavkasieli Turqebi~, `sabWoTa Turqebi~, `mesxeTeli Turqebi~, `Turqi mesxebi~. ukanasknelma orma terminma gansakuTrebiT farTo gavrceleba hpova.

pirveli mesxi repatriantebi saqarTveloSi 60-iani wlebis bolos Cndebian. magram 1969 wlamde maTi yoveli mcdeloba, damkvidrebuliyvnen samSobloSi, marcxiT mTavrdeba. mesxebs kvlav aZeveben saqarTvelodan.

1979 wlis TebervalSi qarTvelma inteligenciam werilobiT mimarTa saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirvel mdivans eduard SevardnaZes da sTxova: `aRedgina samarTlianoba qarTveli xalxis esoden datanjuli nawilis mimarT~ da daebrunebina isini samSobloSi. werils xels awerda ormocze meti cnobili  adamiani, akademikosebi, mwerlebi, msaxiobebi da a. S.
1979 wlis 12 marts Sedga xelmomwerTa Sexvedra eduard SevardnaZesTan, romelmac maT Txovnis Sesruleba aRuTqva da amcno, rom aprilSi gamovidoda partiis centraluri komitetisa da ministrTa sabWos dadgenileba deportirebuli mesxebis saqarTveloSi miRebis Sesaxeb. es dokumenti gamoqveynda 1979 wlis 4 aprils.

qarTvel inteligenciasTan erTad deportirebulTa dabrunebisaTvis ibrZodnen qarTveli disidentebic: zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava, viqtor rcxilaZe da sxvebi, aseve sxva calkeuli provnebebic: omaz CxeiZe, gulaber ananiaSvili, guram mamulia da sxvebi. zogi maTgani Cadioda Sua aziaSi, Cahqonda mesxebTan qarTuli wignebi, amxnevebda maT.

repatriantTa axali talRa saqarTveloSi 80-iani wlebidan Cndeba. maTi bavSvebi swavlas iwyeben qarTul skolebSi; isini sakuTari iniciativiT aRidgenen qarTul gvarebs...

1987 wlis 8 dekembers miRebul iqna saqarTvelos ssr-s ministrTa sabWos dadgenileba #600, `1987-1988 wlebSi saqarTvelos ssr-Si mesxTa im ojaxebis organizebuli Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb, romelTac survili aqvT mudmivad sacxovreblad Camovidnen saqarTveloSi sxva mokavSire respublikebidan~.
1989 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi Camosaxlda mesxTa 300 ojaxi.

1989 wlis 23 maiss uzbekeTSi, ferganas velze daiwyo deportirebul mesxTa arnaxulad sastiki darbevebi. cocxlad wvavdnen adamianebs, pirutyvs, saxlebs, kar-midamoebs; aupaturebdnen qalebs, xocavdnen bavSvebs... centralurma xelisuflebam uzbekeTSi samxedro nawilebi gadaisrola, mxolod radikaluri RonisZiebebis Sedegad moxerxda `pogromebis~ SeCereba da dazaralebulTa evakuacia, amasTan, ara mxolod ferganas velidan, aramed samaryandis, sirdariisa da sxva olqebidanac. dRemde ar aris cnobili, ramdeni adamiani daiRupa am 17-dRiani koSmaris dros. ltolvilebi gaanawiles sabWoTa kavSiris sam respublikaSi: azerbaijanSi, ukrainasa da ruseTSi, aseve ruseTis krasnodaris mxareSi.

1989 wels, ferganas tragediis Semdeg saqarTveloSi iwyeba kampania mahmadiani mesxebis winaaRmdeg, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs yofili disidenti da admianis, kerZod deportirebul mesxTa uflebaTa damcveli zviad gamsaxurdia. misi momxrebi daundoblad uswordebian ferganadan gamoqceul qalebs, moxucebs da bavSvebs, romlebmac ori avtobusiT SemoaRwies saqarTveloSi. maT scemen da ukan mierekebian. repatriantTa winaaRmdeg mTel saqarTveloSi represiebi CaRdeba. maTi 200 ojaxi ayares da gaasaxles saqarTvelodan.
(gansakuTrebiT sastikad gauswordnen Zmeb dvaliZeebis ojaxebs, romlebic qarTveli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebisa da `ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis~ daxmarebiT 1989 wels Casaxlda qarelis raionis sofel breTSi. gaafTrebulma brbom isini daarbia, 62 adamianma, maT Soris 20 bavSvma Zlivs moaxerxa TbilisSi gamoqceva, sadac isini sxvadasxva ojaxebma Seifares. mravalaTasian mitingebze zviad gamsaxurdia mouwodebda xalxs, gaeyaraT `Turqebi~ saqarTvelodan. daarbies zurab mamalaZis saxli (xudadovs q. #41), sadac Sefarebuli iyo breTidan devnili axalgazrda deda maia dvaliZe Cvil bavSvTan da sami wlis gogonasTan erTad, zurab mamalaZe xelmZRvanelobda `mahmadian mesxTa uflebebis dacvis ligas~ da Tavadac devnili iyo. gadatanili Tavzaris Sedegad, axalgazrda dedis fsiqikuri wonasworoba dairRva da man Tavis mokvla scada. dvaliZeebis aTma ojaxma samudamod datova saqarTvelo.)

qarTveli sazogadoebis mniSvnelovanma nawilma, romelic zviad gamsaxurdiasa da misi momxreebis gavlenis qveS aRmoCnda, irwmuna, rom mesxebis samSobloSi dabruneba igivea, rac Turq-seljukTa urdoebis saqarTveloSi SemoWra. SecdomaSi Seyvanili xalxi agresiuli xdeba mahmadiani mesxebis mimarT.

saqarTvelos inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac ar eSinodaT totalitaruli reJimis dros moeTxovaT deportirebul xalxis uflebebis dacva, _ axla agresiuli nacionalizmis aboboqrebis Jams uars ambobs zneobriv principebze. erTaderTi politikuri organizacia, romelic represirebul mahmadian mesxebs icavda, iyo `ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba~, romelsac saTaveSi zurab WavWavaZe da Tamriko CxeiZe edgnen. zurab WavWavaZisa da merab kostavas sikvdilis Semdeg mahmadiani mesxebi kidev ufro daucvelebi darCnen.
samecniero da SemoqmeebiTi wreebis mcirericxovani warmomadgenlebi akritikeben zviad gamsaxurdias da mis momxreebs, mouwodeben maT humanizmisa da samarTlianobisaken tanjuli xalxis mimarT. eseni iyvnen merab mamardaSvili, niko WavWavaZe, rezo CxeiZe, aleqsandre javaxiSvili, givi RambaSiZe da sxvebi. magram masobrivi isteria ar cxreba. mahmadian mesxTa dacva yvelasTvis TiTqmis sasicocxlo safrTxes niSnavs.
erTaderTi gazeTi, romelic upirispirdeba masobriv isterias da icavs muslim mesxebs, gazeTi `qarTuli filmia~. mas redaqtorobs nato ciciSvili.

1992 wels iqmneba saxelmwifo sabWo, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs eduard SevardnaZe. sabWosTan yalibdeba `deportirebul mesxTa repatriaciis komisia~. Sewyda repatriantTa Seviwroeba.

1993 wlidan saqarTveloSi axali mesxi repatriantebi Cndebian.

1995 wels ltolvilTa gansaxlebis saministrosTan iqmneba repatriaciis samsaxuri, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs istorikosi guram mamulia. es samsaxuri cdilobs moamzados sakanonmdeblo baza repatriaciisaTvis da meurveobs repatriantTa adaptaciisa da integraciis process. magram xelisuflebisagan mas realuri xelSewyoba ara aqvs da igi 2 weliwadSi wyvets muSaobas.

2000 wlis TebervlisTvis saqarTveloSi cxovrobda 643 repatrianti mesxi: sul 184 ojaxi. aqedan 64 _ studenti, romlebic sxvadasxva umaRles saswavleblebSi swavlobdnen, maTi ojaxebi ki saqarTvelos sazRvrebgareT cxovrobdnen.

repatriantebis 16%-s dRemde ara aqvs saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. da es miuxedavad imisa, rom venis saerTaSoriso konsultaciaze 1999 wlis martSi, romelic gamarTa euTos umaRlesma komisarma nacionalur umciresobaTa sakiTxebSi batonma maqs van der stulma, saqarTvelos oficialurma delegaciam b-n eldar Sengelaias xelmZRvanelobiT piroba dado, rom 1999 wlis bolomde yvela mesx repatriants moqalaqeobas miscemda.

mesx repatriantebs, romlebic dRes saqarTvelos 8 raionSi arian ganawilebuli, dsT-s sxvadasxva qveynebis moqalaqeoba aqvT.
1993 wels saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba miiRo 288 mesxma repatriantma saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis kanonis Sesabamisad, radganac isini ukve cxovrobdnen saqarTveloSi.

1994-97 wlebSi moqalaqeoba arcerT repatriants aRar miuRia. es iyo gamowveuli imiT, rom saqarTvelos kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb ar iTvaliswinebs moqalaqeobis miniWebas im pirTaTvis, romlebic adre deportirebulni iyvnen. am kanonis Tanaxmad moqalaqeoba SeiZleba miiRo an aq dabadebis, an naturalizaciis mixedviT (saqarTveloSi cxovreba aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi).

1996 wlidan deportirebuli mesxebis mogvarebis procesSi CaerTvnen saerTaSoriso organizaciebi: gaeros ltolvilTa saqmeebis sammarTvelos umaRlesi komisari, euTo da sxva. am problemaze muSaobam  axali impulsi SeiZina dsT-s qveynebis Jenevis samuSao procesis Semdeg (1996-2000 ww.). am forumis mier Tavisi poziciis dafiqsirebas mohyva saerTaSoriso konsultaciebi haagaSi 1998 wlis seqtemberSi da venaSi 1999 wlis martSi.

1999 wlis 27 aprils saqarTvelo gaxda evropis sabWos wevri, oRond garkveuli pirobebiT. kerZod, evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis rekomendaciis me-6 Sesworeba avaldebulebda saqarTvelos am dokumentis miRebidan 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seeqmna sakanonmdeblo baza deportirebuli mosaxleobis reabilitaciis, repatriaciisa da integraciisTvis, 3 wlis Semdeg daewyo repatriacia da daesrulebina 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
mxolod amis Semdeg CaTvala SesaZleblad saqarTvelos xelisuflebam repatriantTa mimarT `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis~ 27-e muxlis gamoyeneba. es muxli uflebas aZlevs prezidents gamonaklisis saxiT individualurad mianiWos moqalaqeoba ama Tu im pirs. am gziT miiRo moqalaqeoba 34 repatriantma 1998-1999 wlebSi.
CamovTvliT 1944 wels samxreT saqarTvelodan deportirebuli mosaxleobis reintegraciasTan dakavSirebul mniSnelovan problemebs, romlebic dRemde gadasaWrelia:

1.	specialurma komisiam, romelic Seiqmna 1999 wls 14 marts saqarTvelos prezidentis #104 brZanebulebiT da romelsac evropis saparlamento asambleis rekomendaciis Sesabamisad unda moemzadebina da mTavrobisTvis waredgina deportirebulTa reintegraciisaTvis saWiro sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, davaleba ver Seasrula.

2.	miuxedavad 1999 wels venaSi miRweuli saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebisa 100 meti mesxi repatrianti dRemde ver axerxebs moqalaqeobis miRebas. saqarTvelos dRemde ar mouxdenia 1961 wlis konvenciis ratificireba, romelic iTvaliswinebs moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebas. saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs deportirebuli mesxebis mier saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miRebis meqanizi. moqalaqeobis miniWeba prezidentis brZanebulebiT aranairad ar warmoadgens problemis gadawyvetas, radgan igi erTeulebze vrceldeba. amave dros es procedura rTuli da ZviradRirebulia.

3.	repatrirebul mesxebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miRebisaTvis sxva qveynebis moqalaqeobidan gamosvlisas didi siZneleebi xvdebaT. am sakiTxis gadawyvetisas mizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iqnas is gamocdileba, romelic dagrovda yirimeli TaTrebis repatriaciis SemTxvevaSi. kerZod, ukrainisa da uzbekeTis mier erTmaneTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis msgavsad, saqarTvelom unda dados xelSekruleba azerbaijanTan, ruseTTan, uzbekeTTan da sxva saxelmwifoebTan, saidanac mosalodnelia mesxTa repatriacia saqarTveloSi.

4.	repatrianti mesxebis gvarebis aRdgenis procedura metad garTulebulia da masTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi mesxTa ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. es ki arTulebs maT integracias sazogadoebaSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi uqmnis damTrgunvel kompleqsebs da xels uwyobs maT gaucxoebas.

5.	miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli enis ganaviTareba da dacva saxelmwifos erT-erT prioritets warmoadgens, repatriant mesxTa zog kategorias misi Seswavlis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia. qarTuli enis sustad floba arTulebs mesxTa integracias sazogadoebasTan. repatriacia-reintegraciis xangrZlivi da moklevadiani saxelmwifo programebis damuSavebisas gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas qarTuli enis Seswavlis kursebi repatriantTa sxvadasxva kategoriisaTvis.

6.	gamokvlevam gamoavlina, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciebi repatriantTa ndobiT sargebloben. amitom problemis Semdgomi muSaobis procesSi unda gaZlierdes maTi potenciali.

7.	saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeimuSava repatriaciis kanonis proeqti, magram ignorirebuli iyo rigi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis pozicia. Sedegad, kanonproeqti ar iTvaliswinebda adamianis uflebaTa evropul standartebs da man diskriminaciuli xasiaTi SeiZina. kerZod, igi ar iTvalissinebda mahmadiani mesxebis aRiarebas sabWoTa reJimis politikuri represiebis msxverplad. evropis sabWom es proetqi daiwuna da moiTxova misi gadamuSaveba. sad imyofeba dRes igi, ucnobia.

8.	mesTa repatriaciis problemis gadaWra unda moxdes im saxelmwifoTa koleqtiuri pasuxismgelobis safuZvelze, romelTa teritoriazec cxovroben deportirebuli mesxebi.

9.	deportirebuli xalxis repatriaciis gzaze erT-erT umniSvnelovanes dabrkolebad aRmarTulia `mtris xati~, romelic mahmadiani mesxebisagan Seqmnes ultranacionalistma politikosebma da Jurnalistebma 1989 wlidan. sword es `mtris xati~ iwvevs qarTveli mosaxleobis dezorientacias am sakiTxSi.

wels Sesrulda saqarTvelos evrosabWoSi gawevrianebis 5 wlisTavi. rogorc ukve vTqviT, saqarTvelom aiRo valdebuleba moaxdinos deportirebuli mesxi mosaxleobis repatriacia 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, iTvaliswinebs ra qveynis mZime politikur da ekonomikur mdgomareobas, evropis sabWos SesaZleblad miaCnia vadebis gadaxedva. saqarTvelo oficialurad ar ambobs uars aRebuli valdebulebis Sesrulebaze. maSasadame, mesxTa repatriacia adre Tu gvian Sedgeba.

saqarTvelo ara formalurad, aramed mTeli seriozulobiT unda emzadebodes am problemis gadasaWrelad, raTa igi sagareo valebiviT mZime tvirTad ar daawves momaval Taobebs. yvelas, vinc irwmuneba, TiTqos  problemis uaryofiT problema qreba, mZime SecdomaSi Sehyavs qveyana.

						naira gelaSvili, mwerali
					`kavkasiuri saxlis~ xelmZRvaneli

klara baraTaSvili, Jurnalisti
latifSa baraTaSvilis STamomavalTa
	kavSiri `patria~