Jazzolineხოო სანამ იტყვი რომ არაა მავნებელი სჯობს პატარა სერჩი ჩაატარო ხოლმე
) რომ ისწავლე ვერ გისწავლია კარგად. აბა ამ უბედურ ქვეყანაში ვინ რა იცის შენ რომ გასწავლოს
) ნახე რას იძლევა სერჩი მედლაინის გამოყენებით (საკვანძო ტერმინებია MDMA AND birth defects)
Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;23(1):27-36. Related Articles, Links
Amphetamine toxicity.
White SR.
Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, and Children's Hospital of Michigan Regional Poison Control Center, Detroit, Michigan.
Amphetamine abuse is widespread and associated with significant health risk. The most commonly encountered amphetamines are methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy), and the ephedra alkaloids. Although each of these harbors unique toxicity, they similarly impact the cardiovascular and neurological systems in overdose. Other serious complications associated with amphetamine abuse include severe hyperpyrexia and hyponatremia. Secondary conditions such as rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, hepatic necrosis, and renal failure are common, especially in those with hyperthermia. Chronic abuse poses risk of vasculitis, neuropsychiatric abnormalities, and cardiomyopathy. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence that even recreational abuse of methamphetamine and MDMA may produce long-lasting damage to dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Management principles include adequate sedation, aggressive cooling, and the use of titratable agents in the management of cardiovascular abnormalities.
PMID: 16088595 [PubMed - in process]
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2: Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Nov;60(9):635-41. Epub 2004 Sep 23. Related Articles, Links
A case control study to examine the pharmacological factors underlying ventricular septal defects in the North of England.
Bateman DN, McElhatton PR, Dickinson D, Wren C, Matthews JN, O'Keeffe M, Thomas SH.
NPIS Edinburgh, Scottish Poisons Information Bureau, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, EH16 4SA, Edinburgh, UK. Nick.bateman@luht.scot.nhs.uk
BACKGROUND: Amphetamine exposure is associated with congenital cardiac abnormalities in animals. We previously reported an association between recreational use of 2,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy, MDMA) and ventricular septal defect in babies born to users. We have carried out a case control study to investigate risks in the occurrence of ventricular septal defect in a cohort of babies born in the North East of England. METHODS: Cases were identified from paediatric cardiology units in Newcastle upon Tyne and Leeds, and controls were recruited from the mothers of babies born in the same hospital as the index case. Research nurses carried out interviews using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 296 case control pairs were studied. There was insufficient exposure to ecstasy to test the primary hypothesis. Increased risk of ventricular septal defect was found to be associated with consumption of cough and cold remedies [pre-conception OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.41, 3.51; pregnancy OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.56, 11.27; exposure in either OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.85, 4.45; P<0.005] and in the case of non-steroidals for exposures in pregnancy (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.54, 14.26; P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that ventricular septal defect is associated with consuming the medications identified. They are also compatible with the hypothesis that sympathomimetics (pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine and phenylpropanolamine) present in cough mixtures cause the increased risk, and with our original hypothesis that sympathomimetics and amphetamines are potentially cardiotoxic in utero.
PMID: 15448957 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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3: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005 Aug;180(4):607-11. Epub 2005 Sep 14. Related Articles, Links
Memory-related hippocampal dysfunction in poly-drug ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) users.
Daumann J, Fischermann T, Heekeren K, Henke K, Thron A, Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E.
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
RATIONALE: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is neurotoxic in animal studies and its use has been associated with cognitive impairments in humans. OBJECTIVE: To study hippocampal activation during the retrieval from episodic memory in polyvalent users of ecstasy. METHODS: Twelve polyvalent ecstasy users and twelve matched controls were examined by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they retrieved face-profession associations from episodic memory. RESULTS: Ecstasy users had a normal structural MRI scan without focal brain lesions or anatomical abnormalities. They exhibited equal retrieval accuracy during memory retrieval to that of the matched controls. Yet, their retrieval-related activity was lower and more spatially restricted in the left anterior hippocampus than that of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence for abnormal hippocampal functioning in MDMA users even at the presence of normal memory performance. This finding may be linked to MDMA-induced neurotoxicity and suggests that diminished hippocampal activation during memory retrieval might be a more sensitive or earlier index of MDMA-related neurotoxicity than neuropsychological performance.
PMID: 15372137 [PubMed - in process]
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4: Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2003 Sep 15;115(15-16):599-603. Related Articles, Links
Successful treatment of refractory cerebral oedema in ecstasy/cocaine-induced fulminant hepatic failure using a new high-efficacy liver detoxification device (FPSA-Prometheus).
Kramer L, Bauer E, Schenk P, Steininger R, Vigl M, Mallek R.
Department of Medicine IV, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria. ludwig.kramer@akh-wien.ac.at
Ecstasy-induced fulminant hepatic failure is associated with high mortality. If complicated by cerebral oedema, orthotopic liver transplantation is the only established treatment. We report a case of combined ecstasy/cocaine-induced fulminant hepatic failure presenting with severe rhabdomyolysis, myocardial infarction and multiorgan failure. Transplantation was declined by the transplant surgeons because of a history of intravenous drug abuse. As excessive hyperammonaemia (318 mumol/l) and refractory transtentorial herniation developed, treatment with a new liver detoxification device combining high-flux haemodialysis and adsorption (FPSA-Prometheus) was initiated. Within a few hours of treatment, ammonia levels normalised. Cerebral oedema was greatly reduced by day 4 and hepatic function gradually recovered. Following neurologic rehabilitation for ischaemic sequelae of herniation, the patient was discharged from hospital with only minimal deficits. In conclusion, efficient extracorporeal detoxification may be an option for reversal of hyperammonaemia and refractory cerebral oedema in ecstasy/cocaine-induced acute liver failure.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 14531175 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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5: Prescrire Int. 2002 Jun;11(59):91. Related Articles, Links
Ecstasy and pregnancy: warn against ecstasy use.
[No authors listed]
Ecstasy users must be warned that the drug may be dangerous during pregnancy and is associated with increased risk of birth defects. Pregnancies exposed to ecstasy must be closely monitored.
PMID: 12068850 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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6: Biol Psychiatry. 2002 May 1;51(9):766-9. Related Articles, Links
Neuroendocrine abnormalities in recreational ecstasy (MDMA) users: is it ecstasy or cannabis?
Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Becker S, Pelz S, Tuchtenhagen F, Daumann J.
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of the University of Technology (RWTH), Aachen, Germany.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate neuroendocrine function in ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine = MDMA) users and controls. METHODS: Prolactin response to d-fenfluramine was assessed in abstinent ecstasy users with concomitant use of cannabis only (n = 24, male/female 13/11) and in two control groups: healthy nonusers (n = 13, female) and exclusive cannabis users (n = 7, male). RESULTS: Prolactin response to d-fenfluramine was slightly blunted in female ecstasy users. Both male user samples exhibited a weak prolactin response to d-fenfluramine, but this was weaker in the group of cannabis users. Baseline prolactin and prolactin response to d-fenfluramine were associated with the extent of previous cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS: Endocrinological abnormalities of ecstasy users may be closely related to their coincident cannabis use. Cannabis use may be an important confound in endocrinological studies of ecstasy users and should be looked for more systematically in future studies.
PMID: 11983191 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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7: Br J Neurosurg. 2000 Oct;14(5):449-54. Related Articles, Links
Intracerebral haemorrhage and drug abuse in young adults.
McEvoy AW, Kitchen ND, Thomas DG.
University Department of Neurosurgery, University College London, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. a.mcevoy@ion.ucl.ac.uk
The epidemic of abuse of the so-called 'designer drugs' amphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy--is fast replacing traditional aetiological factors as the largest cause of intracerebral haemorrhage among young adults. Traditional teaching is that these represent hypertensive haemorrhages. Recent reports, however, have indicated that these patients may harbour underlying vascular malformations. We review 13 patients with a positive history of drug abuse preceding the onset of intracerebral haemorrhage. These patients presented to the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in central London over a 7-month period. Of the 13 patients (eight male, five female), average age 31 years (19-43) years), 10 were well enough to undergo cerebral angiography. Intracranial aneurysms were demonstrated in six patients and arteriovenous malformations in three patients. In only one of the patients was the angiogram normal. A further patient was subsequently shown to have a middle cerebral artery aneurysm at autopsy. The epidemiology, pharmacology and systemic effects of these drugs are considered. The mechanisms by which these compounds cause intracerebral complications and their influence on prognosis are discussed. The incidence of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), ischaemic cerebral infarctions and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) following drug abuse is increasing. Contrary to historical opinion, drug-related ICH is frequently related to an underlying vascular malformation. Arteriography should be part of the evaluation of most young patients with nontraumatic ICH. A thorough history focusing on the use of illicit substances and toxicological screening of urine and serum should be part of the evaluation of any young patient with a stroke.
PMID: 11198766 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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8: Lancet. 1999 Oct 23;354(9188):1441-2. Related Articles, Links
Congenital anomalies after prenatal ecstasy exposure.
McElhatton PR, Bateman DN, Evans C, Pughe KR, Thomas SH.
Prospective follow-up of 136 babies exposed to ecstasy in utero indicated that the drug may be associated with a significantly increased risk of congenital defects (15.4% [95% CI 8.2-25.4]). Cardiovascular anomalies (26 per 1000 livebirths [3.0-90.0]) and musculoskeletal anomalies (38 per 1000 [8.0-109.0]) were predominant.
Publication Types:
Letter
PMID: 10543673 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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9: Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1999 Jan 2;143(1):27-31. Related Articles, Links
[Pregnancy outcome after ecstasy use; 43 cases followed by the Teratology Information Service of the National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM)]
[Article in Dutch]
van Tonningen-van Driel MM, Garbis-Berkvens JM, Reuvers-Lodewijks WE.
Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Teratologie Informatie Service/Nationaal Vergiftigingen Informatie Centrum, Bilthoven.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if use of ecstacy during pregnancy has any harmful effects on pregnancy and the (unborn) child. DESIGN: Prospective, descriptive. METHODS: After the Teratology Information Service of the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment. Bilthoven, the Netherlands, was approached by a physician or midwife for information, the pregnancies that involved the use of ecstacy were followed by a follow-up questionnaire one month after the estimated date of birth. RESULTS: A total of 49 pregnancies were followed. For 43 women, exposed early in pregnancy, data on course of pregnancy and health of baby are known. There were 3 elective terminations of pregnancy and 2 spontaneous abortions. There were 40 live-born babies (including one set of triplets); one of them had a congenital cardiac malformation. Beside ecstacy the mothers frequently also used other substances potentially harmful to pregnancy and child. The pregnancies were often unplanned; previous pregnancies had frequently been terminated. CONCLUSION: The sample size was too small to draw conclusions. As yet spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations did not appear to occur more frequently in pregnancies with use of ecstacy. The lifestyle of the ecstacy users seemed to be potentially harmful for pregnancy and child.
Publication Types:
Clinical Trial
PMID: 10086095 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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10: Br J Neurosurg. 1995;9(1):93-6. Related Articles, Links
Intracerebral haemorrhage due to amphetamine abuse: report of two cases with underlying arteriovenous malformations.
Selmi F, Davies KG, Sharma RR, Neal JW.
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
Amphetamine abuse may be complicated by intracerebral, subdural or subarachnoid haemorrhage. The causative mechanism is probably a combination of vasculitis and induced hypertension. Most cases of intracerebral haemorrhage are subcortical. Only one case of amphetamine-induced intracerebral haematoma where there was also an underlying arteriovenous malformation has been previously reported. We report two cases of intracerebral haematoma due to amphetamine abuse whether an underlying AVM was found at the time of surgery. This possibility should be considered in cases of amphetamine-induced intracerebral haemorrhage.
Publication Types:
Case Reports
PMID: 7786436 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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11: Drug Alcohol Depend. 1994 Dec;36(3):161-6. Related Articles, Links
Behavioral and developmental effects of two 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) derivatives.
Bronson ME, Barrios-Zambrano L, Jiang W, Clark CR, DeRuiter J, Newland MC.
Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849-5503.
The effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'ecstacy') and two structurally related compounds, N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-ethanamine (MDM1EA) and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-butanamine (HMDMA) were examined in two preparations: (i) a drug discrimination procedure in MDMA-trained rats and (ii) the chicken embryo, for determination of the direct effects of these compounds on the developing organism. The highest doses of MDM1EA and HMDMA partially substituted for MDMA, whereas higher (30-60 mg/kg) doses of HMDMA evoked clonic seizures in a separate group of rats. In chicken embryos MDMA had no effect on body, brain or liver weight, while the highest dose of MDM1EA decreased body weight and the 2 lowest doses of HMDMA increased body weight. All doses of HMDMA decreased liver weight (expressed as % body weight) when compared with contemporaneous water-treated controls. Taken together, the results of these experiments suggest that structurally related compounds share some stimulus properties with MDMA and may therefore share abuse liability. Furthermore, both MDMA-related compounds produced adverse effects on the developing organism, whereas MDMA did not.
PMID: 7889806 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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