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Nigella sativa
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Nigella sativa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Nigella
Species: N. sativa
Binomial name
Nigella sativa
L.
Nigella sativa is an annual flowering plant, native to south and southwest Asia. It grows to 20–30 cm (7.9–12 in) tall, with finely divided, linear (but not thread-like) leaves. The flowers are delicate, and usually coloured pale blue and white, with five to ten petals. The fruit is a large and inflated capsule composed of three to seven united follicles, each containing numerous seeds. The seed is used as a spice.Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
1.1 Common names
2 Characteristics
3 History
4 History of medicine
4.1 Black cumin
5 Scientific research
5.1 Thymoquinone and pancreatic cancer treatment
5.2 Patents
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
[edit]
Etymology
Nigella sativa seed
The scientific name is a derivative of Latin niger (black).[1]
[edit]
Common names
In English, Nigella sativa seed is variously called fennel flower, nutmeg flower, Roman coriander, blackseed or black caraway. Other names used, sometimes misleadingly, are onion seed and black sesame, both of which are similar-looking, but unrelated.
The seeds are frequently referred to as black cumin (as in Assamese: kaljeera or kolajeera or Bengali kalo jeeray), In south Indian language Kannada it is called "Krishna Jeerige", but this is also used for a different spice, Bunium persicum (= Carum bulbocastanum).[2]
In English-speaking countries with large immigrant populations, it is also variously known as kaljeera (Assamese কালজীৰা kalzira or ক’লাজীৰা kolazira), kalo jira (Bengali: কালোজিরা kalojira, black cumin), karum cheerakam (Tamil கருஞ்சீரகம்), kalonji (Hindi/Urdu कलौंजी kalauṃjī or كلونجى/कलोंजी kaloṃjī) or mangrail (Hindi मंगरैल maṃgarail), ketzakh (Hebrew קצח), chernushka (Russian), çörek otu (Turkish), habbat al-barakah (Arabic حبه البركة ḥabbat al-barakah, seed of blessing), siyah daneh (Persian سیاهدانه siyâh dâne), jintan hitam (Indonesian), karim jeerakam in Malayalam or කළු දුරු in Sinhala, Karto Jeera in (Beary Language).
A commercial pack of kalonji
It is used as part of the spice mixture paanch phoran or panch phoron (meaning a mixture of five spices) and by itself in a great many recipes in Bengali cookery and most recognizably in naan bread.[3]
The Turkish name çörek otu literally means "bun's herb" from its use in flavouring the çörek buns. Such braided-dough buns are widespread in the cuisines of Turkey and its neighbors (see Tsoureki τσουρέκι). In Bosnian, the Turkish name for Nigella sativa is respelled as čurekot. The seed is used in Bosnia, and particularly its capital Sarajevo, to flavour pastries (Bosnian: somun) often baked on Muslim religious holidays.
[edit]
Characteristics
Nigella sativa has a pungent bitter taste and smell. It is used primarily in confectionery and liquors. Peshawari naan is, as a rule, topped with kalonji seeds. Nigella is also used in Armenian string cheese, a braided string cheese called Majdouleh or Majdouli in the Middle East.
[edit]
History
According to Zohary and Hopf, archeological evidence about the earliest cultivation of N. sativa "is still scanty", but they report supposed N. sativa seeds have been found in several sites from ancient Egypt, including Tutankhamun's tomb.[4] Although its exact role in Egyptian culture is unknown, it is known that items entombed with a pharaoh were carefully selected to assist him in the afterlife.
The earliest written reference to N. sativa is thought to be in the book of Isaiah in the Old Testament, where the reaping of nigella and wheat is contrasted (Isaiah 28: 25, 27). Easton's Bible dictionary states the Hebrew word ketsah refers to N. sativa without doubt (although not all translations are in agreement). According to Zohary and Hopf, N. sativa was another traditional condiment of the Old World during classical times; and its black seeds were extensively used to flavor food.[4]
[edit]
History of medicine
In Islam, N. sativa is regarded as one of the greatest forms of healing medicine available.[citation needed] In the Unani Tibb system of medicine, black cumin is regarded as a valuable remedy for a number of diseases. Sayings of Islamic Prophet Muhammad underline the significance of Nigella sativa. According to a hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah, he says, "I have heard the Messenger of Allah, Prayers of Allah be upon him and Peace, saying that the black granules (kalonji) is the remedy for all diseases except death." [5]
The seeds have been traditionally used in the Middle East and Southeast Asian countries to treat ailments including asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism and related inflammatory diseases, to increase milk production in nursing mothers, to promote digestion and to fight parasitic infections.[citation needed] Its many uses have earned black cumin seed the Arabic approbation Habbatul barakah, meaning the "seed of blessing".
Its oil has been used to treat skin conditions, such as eczema and boils, and to treat cold symptoms.[citation needed] Many researchers have recently also studied its reaction towards cancer, and it is said to have many anticancer properties.[citation needed]
[edit]
Black cumin
Original black cumin (Carum bulbocastanum) is rarely available, so N. sativa is widely used instead; (in India, Carum carvi is the substitute). Cumins are from Apiaceae or Umbelliferae (both names are allowed by the ICBN) family, but N. sativa is from Ranunculaceae family. Black cumin (not N. sativa) seeds come as paired or separate carpels, and are 3-4mm long. They have a striped pattern of nine ridges and oil canals, and are fragrant (Ayurveda says, "Kaala jaaji sugandhaa cha" (black cumin seed is fragrant itself), blackish in colour, boat-shaped, and tapering at each extremity, with tiny stalks attached; it has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries, both as a herb and pressed into oil, in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. It has been traditionally used for a variety of conditions and treatments related to respiratory health, stomach and intestinal health, kidney and liver function, circulatory and immune system support, as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antioxidants, anticancer, antiviral and for general well-being.[citation needed]
[edit]
Scientific research
Nigella sativa oil (black cumin seed oil) contains nigellone, which protects guinea pigs from histamine-induced bronchial spasms[6] (perhaps explaining its use to relieve the symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, and coughing). The presence of the sterol beta-sitosterol lends credence to its traditional use to treat abscesses and tumors of the abdomen, eyes, and liver.[7] N. sativa oil has been reported to be effective in treating opioid dependence.[8] N. sativa also has been reported to reduce calculi formation in rats' kidneys.[9] The oil contains melanthin, nigilline, damascene and tannins. Melanthin is toxic in large doses and nigelline is paralytic, so this spice must be used in moderation.
[edit]
Thymoquinone and pancreatic cancer treatment
Researchers at the Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia have found that thymoquinone from an extract of N. sativa seed oil, blocked pancreatic cancer cell growth and killed the cells by enhancing the process of programmed cell death (apoptosis) acting as an HDAC inhibitor. While the studies are in the early stages, the findings suggest thymoquinone may eventually have some use as a preventative strategy in patients who have gone through surgery and chemotherapy or in individuals who are at a high risk of developing cancer.[10]
[edit]
Patents
Nigella Sativa currently has five FDA separate patents in the U.S. and one in the UK for the treatment of:[11]
Diabetes (US 6,042,834)
Inhibition of cancer cell growth (US 5,653,981)
Improvement of the Immune System (US 5,482,711)
Viral Infections (US 6,841,174)
Psoriasis (US 6,531,164)
Asthma (UK - EP1709995)
* * *
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პანაცეაა პრაქტიკულად
What are the Benefits of Black Seed Oil?
Studies have shown that black seed oil is an effective anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory remedy. As a result, it is often used to fight infections and strengthen the immune system, which is suitable for treating the following conditions:
headaches
toothaches
nasal congestion
colds and flus
digestive and gastrointestinal problems
hair and skin problems
allergies
diabetes
Black seed oil has also been found to be effective at promoting menstruation and increasing milk production. For most ailments, the recommended daily dosage is one teaspoon of black seed oil per day. The oil can be mixed in warm or cold drinks, or it can be added on top of many foods right before consuming. It can also be used topically as a chest rub for respiratory problems.
Uses of Black Seed Oil
Allergies
Black Seed Oil acts as an antihistamine which helps to reduce the common symptoms of allergies (watery eyes, sneezing). Simply take half a teaspoon of oil twice a day when allergy symptoms begin to appear.
Flu and Fever
Black Seed Oil has been found to help reduce fever, by inducing perspiration which helps the body cool and stimulate the release of toxins. Take one teaspoon of Black Seed Oil once a day when flu/fever systems occur. Also be sure to drink plenty of fluids throughout the day.
Boils and Carbuncles
Studies have shown that the anti-fungal properties of Black Seed Oil and its active component Thymoquinone help strengthen the immune system and cure many common skin infections including boils and carbuncles. Simply take half a teaspoon of Black Seed Oil twice daily (you can mix it into a hot or cold beverage).
Cough and Asthma Relief
The anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties of Black Seed Oil help treat the symptoms of acute asthma and coughs by relaxing bronchial muscles. For asthma, mix a teaspoon of Black Seed Oil in boiling water and inhale the vapor twice a day. For dry coughs, mix a teaspoon of Black Seed Oil into a cup of ginger tea and drink this twice a day. For other types of coughs, massage a small amount of the oil over the center of your chest.
Diarrhea
Black seed oil is also an effective natural remedy for diarrhea.
High Blood Pressure
The active ingredients in black seed oil have been found to be effective in reducing high blood pressure.
Insomnia
Studies have shown that Black Seed Oil can help eliminate sleep disorders. Simply mix a teaspoon of black seed oil into a hot drink one hour before bed time for a good night's sleep.
Muscle Cramps and Spasms
Black Seed Oil has been found to contain strong anti-spasmodic and anti-inflammatory ingredients. Therefore, it is effective at preventing or easing muscle spasms and cramps. Simply massage Black Seed Oil onto the affected area once in the morning and once before going to bed. You can alternatively add one teaspoon of Black Seed Oil in a cup of chamomile tea and drink it at night.
Nausea and Upset Stomach
Studies have shown that Black Seed Oil acts as a wonderful remedy for stomach ailments by stimulating digestion and inducing the expulsion of gas. For nausea and upset stomachs, mix half a teaspoon of fresh ginger juice with half a teaspoon of Black Seed Oil and take this twice a day.
Toothaches
Black seed oil's anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties are great for treating toothaches.
This post has been edited by patriciia on 12 Jan 2012, 23:40 
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