umuSevrobis statistikuri analizi saqarTveloSi
ukanasknel periodSi, sxvadasxva statistikuri, koniuqturuli Tu socialuri gamokiTxvebiT saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis problema erT–erTi umwvavesia da is xSirad ikavebs sawyis adgils qveynisa da qarTuli sazogadoebis winaSe mdgar umniSvnelovanes socialur–ekonomikur da politikur sakiTxebs Soris. umuSevrobis dros farTod ikveTeba ekonomikuri arastabilurobis iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa erToblivi moTxovnis, danazogebisa da investiciuri moTxovnis Semcireba, erToblivi miwodebis kleba, warmoebis dacema da sxva. yovelive es ki SeuZlebels xdis moxdes qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis srulad gamoyeneba da erovnuli simdidris SesaZlo zrda. umuSevroba qveynis mosaxleobas mZime tvirTad awveba da ekonomikur, fsiqologiur da socialur danakargs iwvevs. ekonomikuri TvalTaxedviT, umuSevrobis saxiT egreT-wodebul gamouyenebeli sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis xarjs vRebulobT, romelic gamouyenebeli samuSao Zalis gamo ikargeba, anu, im produqcias, romlis warmoebac SesaZlebeli iqneboda umuSevrebis dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi. wlebi gadis, icvlebian mTavrobebi da prioritetebi, magram saqarTveloSi umuSevroba kvlavac nomer pirvel problemad rCeba.
saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis done, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (ILO) monacemebiT, 2014 wels 13,7%-mde Semcirdeba, aRsaniSnavia, rom SarSan es maCvenebeli 14,32%-mde aRwevda, rac yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi somxeTis (18,64%) Semdeg yvelaze maRali maCvenebelia. mesame adgilze dausaqmeblebis raodenobiT litvaa (12,12%). 10-10%-iani umuSevrobis done dafiqsirda latviaSi, uzbekeTSi, tajikeTsa da TurqmeneTSi. saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT, TiTqmis orjer dabalia umuSevrobis done ukrainasa (7.89%) da yirgizeTSi (7.9%); 5-6%-is farglebSi meryeobs ruseTSi, belarusSi, azerbaijansa da yazaxeTSi.
saqarTveloSi, bolo wlebis ganmavlobSi umuSevrobis donis dinamika Semdegnairad gamoiyureba (ix. nax.1).
umuSevrobis done saqarTveloSi 1998-2013 wlebSi
naxazi 1.
mocemuli diagramiT vxedavT, rom umuSevrobis done zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. yvelaze maRali done 2008-2009 wlebSi fiqsirdeba, rac 2008 wlis agvistoSi momxdari omiTa da msoflio ekonomikuri krizisiT iyo gamowveuli. 2008 welTan SedarebiT 2013 wels umuSevroba 1,9%-iT Semcirda da 14,5% Seadgina, rac TavisTavad niSnavs 24 aTasamde admianis dasaqmebas da maTi ekonomikuri, Tu socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom eqspertTa umravlesoba statistikaSi TviTdasaqmebulTa da daqiravebulTa gamijvnis momxrea. Cveni kanonmdebloba, romelic msoflio Sromis organizaciis kanonmdeblobas da wesebs eyrdnoba, TviTdasaqmebul adamianebsac dasaqmebulad Tvlis. es meTodologia bevr qveyanaSia gavrcelebuli, Tumca arian qyveynebi romlebic calke iTvlian TviTdasaqmebulebs da dasaqmebulebs. Sesabamisad, amiT maT ufro meti informaciis miRebis saSualeba aqvT.
umuSevrobis done mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba rogorc sxvadasxva asakobrivi kategoriebis, ise regionebis mixedviT. qalaqis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT umuSevrobis done gacilebiT dabalia soflis mosaxleobaSi. 2013 wels 2012 welTan mimarTebaSi umuSevrobis donis SedarebiT Tanabari kleba dafiqsirda, rogorc qalaqis, aseve soflis tipis dasaxlebebSi da Sesabamisad 25.6%-i da 6.5%-i Seadgina. ganvixiloT es monacemebi 21-e saukunis saqarTvelos retrospeqtivaSi (ix. nax. 2) :
umuSevrobis done saqarTveloSi qalaqisa da soflis
WrilSi (2000-2013 ww)
naxazi 2
miuxedavad imisa, rom umuSevrobis done soflad bevrad dabalia ar gvaZlevs imis safuZvels vivaraudoT TiTqos mosaxleoba ufro mdidaria. piriqiT, siRaribis problemebi Zalzed mwvavea saqarTvelos regionebSi. rac soflis meurneobis naklebi prioritetulobiT SeiZleba aixsnas. am analizSic umuSevrobis done qalaqSi 2008 welTan SedarebiT (28,9%) Semcirda da gaxda 25,6%. umuSevrobis done umniSvnelod Semcirda soflebSic 0,5%-iT da Seadgina 6,5%.
umuSevrobis doneebi uSualod regionebSi Semdegnairad nawildeba (ix. nax.3) :
naxazi 3.
naTlad Cans, rom yvelaze maRali umuSevrobis done fiqsirdeba TbilisSi 29,1%. regionebidan maRali umuSevrobiT gamoirCeva aWaris regioni - 18,1%, da samegrelo-zemo svaneTi - 15,8%.
Zalze mniSvnelovania umuSevrobis donis ganxilva sqesobriv WrilSi (ix.
nax. 4)
regionebis mixedviT umuSevrobis done sqesobriv WrilSi (2003-2013 ww.)
naxazi 4.
rogorc vxedavT, mamakacebSi umuSevrobis done ufro maRalia, vidre qalebSi. 2013 wlis mdgomareobiT umuSevrobis done mamakacebSi aris 16,5%, xolo - qalebSi 12,3%. amasTan, Tu dasaqmebas ekonomikuri kuTxiT ganvixilavT, sxva realobas davinaxavT. kerZod, umuSevar qalTa raodenoba TiTqmis 50%-iT metia umuSevar mamakacebTan SedarebiT da es Tanafardoba TiTqmis SenarCunebulia ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi. globaluri dasaqmebis kuTxiT, romelic ekonomikur dasaqmebasTan erTad saojaxo meurneobis warmarTvas, bavSvebis aRzrdas, invalidebis da moxucebis movlas moicavs, am saqmianobaSi CarTuli qalebi iTvlebian dasaqmebulebad. xolo, araaqtiurobis done qalebSi TiTqmis orjer aRemateba mamakacebSi igive maCveneblebs.
gansxvavebulia umuSevrobis done sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebSic. metad mwvavea es problema qveynis axalgazrda mosaxleobisaTvis (ix. nax. 5).
naxazi 5.
rogorc vxedavT, axalgazrda Sromisunarian mosaxleobaSi metad maRalia umuSevrobis done da asakis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba. dasaqmebis mxriv yvelaze mZime pirobebSi 20-dan 35-wlamde asakis mosaxleoba imyofeba. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom asakian mosaxleobaSi umuSevrobis dabali done ganpirobebulia maTi gadasvliT ekonomikurad araaqtiurTa rigebSi. sapensio asaki iwyeba 60 wels zemoT, ris gamoc mosaxleobis didi nawili ar aris dasaqmebuli, ar eZebs samuSaos da Sesabamisad, araaqtiuri mosaxleobis kategorias miekuTvneba.
Sromis bazris regulirebaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi berketi Sromis anazRaurebis moculobaa. rac metia ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobaSi umaRlesi da saSualo specialuri ganaTlebis mqone adamianebis wili, miT metia bazarze maRalxelfasian samuSao adgilebze moTxovna. xelfasis dabali donis pirobebSi maRali kvalifikaciis specialistebi naklebad mimarTaven Sromis birJas (dasaqmebis samsaxurs), rac bunebrivia xelovnurad zrdis umuSevarTa ricxovnobas.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis problema gacilebiT ufro rTulad dgas, vidre es oficialuri statistikuri monacemebidan Cans. sadavo araa is garemoeba, rom daregistrirebul umuSevarTa raodenobasTan SedarebiT, faqtobriv umuSevarTa ricxvi mniSvnelovnad metia. aq saubaria saqarTvelos teritoriaze mudmivad mcxovreb Sromisunarian aqtiur mosaxleobaze. magram, aris kidev samuSao Zalis sakmaod didi nawili, romlebic rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi SromiT saqmianobas ewevian ucxoeTis qveynebSi, radganc maTTvis samuSao adgili sakuTar samSobloSi ver moiZebna.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dasaqmeba niSnavs iseTi samsaxuris qonas, romelSic adamians uxdian fuls da romelic uzrunvelyofs rogorc misi, aseve misi ojaxis normalur arsebobas. Tu am terminis Sesabamisad vimsjelebT saqarTvelos mosaxlebis TiTqmis umravlesoba dausaqmebelia, radgan cota Tu moZiebneba, romelsac sakuTari xelfasiT SeuZlia, Tavic da ojaxic normalurad arCinos.
imisaTvis raTa davsaxoT umuSevrobis gadaWris realuri gzebi, pirvel rigSi aucilebelia ganvixiloT misi gamomwvevi mizezebi. uSualod mizezebis garkvevis Semdeg SesaZlebeli iqneba swori strategiis SerCeva aRniSnul problemasTan sabrZlolvelad.
Sromis bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi: dasaqmebis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi (samuSao adgilebis mcire raodenoba), moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris arsebuli mkveTri disbalansi, moqmedebis SezRuduli areali, naklebi elastiuroba, samuSao Zalis dabali mobiloba, samuSao Zalis dabali fasi da xangrZliv umuSevarTa maRali wili uaryofiT gavlenas axdens saqarTvelos Sromis bazris funqcionirebaze, rac TavisTavad asaxvas povebs umuSevrobis gamomwvev ZiriTad mizezebSi. kerZod:
• SezRuduli moTxovna samuSao Zalaze;
• specialobiT samuSaos Sovnis sirTule;
• Sromis diskriminaciuli pirobebi;
• Sromis dabali anazRaureba;
• profesiuli momzadebis dabali xarisxi;
• samuSao Zalis dabali profesiuli mobiloba;
• samuSaos moZiebisa da TviTprezentaciis unar-Cvevebis nakleboba;
• samuSaos maZiebelTa pasiuroba (e.w. „imedgacruebulebi“);
• dasaqmebis sferoSi saSuamavlo servisis ganuviTarebloba/ xelmiuwvdomloba.
aRniSnuli mizezebidan nawili obieqturia, nawili ki subieqturi. Sedegad ki, saqarTveloSi samuSao adgilis moZieba da dasaqmeba Zalian rTulia, xolo dasaqmebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ar aris sakmarisi sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis sarCenad.
Sefasebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi Sromis bazris ganuviTarebloba seriozulad aferxebs qveynis winsvlas da uamrav socialur-ekonomikur problemas warmoSobs umuSevrobis, siRaribis, aralegaluri migraciisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli problemebis saxiT. amitom qveyanaSi biznes-garemos gaumjobesebasTan erTad (rac axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis bunebrivi da ZiriTadi faqtoria), aucilebelia Sromis bazris efeqturi funqcionirebis xelSewyoba saxelmwifos mxridan misi elementebis ganviTarebis mxardaWeris gziT. rac, Sromis bazris formirebis saxelmwifo strategiis gansazRvras moiTxovs, aseve saWiroebs saTanado sakanonmdeblo, organizaciuli da finansuri berketebis SemuSavebasa da gamoyenebas.
CamoTvlil mizezebTan brZola umuSevrobis donesac Seamcirebs da qveynis keTildReobis donis gaumjobesebasac Seuwyobs xels. am problemis mogvareba Tavis mxriv, aucileblad moiTxovs saxelmwifos mxidan Carevasa da regulierebas. Tumca mxolod es sakmarisi ver iqneba Tu sazogadoebam, damsaqmeblebma, samuSaos maZieblebma, dasaqmebulebma da araaqtiurma mosaxleobamac ar gaiTavises aRniSnuli sakiTxis aqtualoba.
გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა
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